Tiếng Anh 12 Bright Unit 2 2b. Grammar

Bài 1

Present Perfect (Thì hiện tại hoàn thành)

1. Put the verbs in the brackets (1-5) into the Present Perfect. Then match them to their uses (a-e).

(Chia các động từ trong ngoặc (1-5) ở dạng hiện tại hoàn thành. Sau đó nối chúng với các cách dùng (a-e).)

1. ___ I am exhausted because I _____ (work) a long shift.

2. ___ Stephen _____ (just/return) from his company's headquarters.

3. ___ This is the first time Oliver _____ (attend) a job interview. He _____ (never/apply) for a job before.

4. ___ We _____ (work) on this project this month. It's such a large project that we _____ (not/finish) yet.

5. ___ Kevin _____ (work) for this company since he was a young man. He _____ (devote) himself to the company for the last twenty years.

a. a person's experience

b. a recent action that has a visible result in the present

c. an action that has just happened in the recent past and the time is not stated

d. an action that started in the past and continues up to the present

e. an action that has happened in a period of time but is not completed.

Lời giải chi tiết:

1 - b

I am exhausted because I have worked a long shift. - a recent action that has a visible result in the present

(Tôi kiệt sức vì tôi đã làm việc một ca nhiều giờ – một hành động gần đây có kết quả nhìn thấy được ở hiện tại.)

2 - c

Stephen has just returned from his company's headquarters. - . an action that has just happened in the recent past and the time is not stated

(Stephen vừa mới trở về từ trụ sở chính của công ty. – một hành động vừa mới xảy ra ở quá khứ gần nhưng không nêu rõ thời gian)

3 - a

This is the first time Oliver has attended a job interview. He has never applied for a job before. - a person's experience

(Đây là lần đầu tiên Oliver tham dự một buổi phỏng vấn. Anh ta chưa từng đi xin việc trước đây. – trải nghiệm của một người)

4 - e

We have worked on this project this month. It's such a large project that we have not finished yet. - an action that has happened in a period of time but is not completed.

(Chúng tôi đã làm việc trong dự án này vào tháng này. Nó là một dự án lớn đến nỗi chúng tôi vẫn chưa làm xong. – một hành động đã xảy ra trong một khoảng thời gian nhưng chưa hoàn thành.)

5 - d

Kevin has worked for this company since he was a young man. He has devoted himself to the company for the last twenty years. - an action that started in the past and continues up to the present

(Kevin đã làm việc cho công ty này kể từ khi còn trẻ. Anh ấy đã cống hiến cho công ty này hơn 20 năm qua. – một hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ mà ở hiện tại vẫn đang tiếp tục.)

Bài 2

2. Choose the correct verbs in the list to complete the sentences. Put them into the Present Perfect.

(Chọn đúng động từ trong danh sách để hoàn thành các câu sau. Chia chúng ở dạng hiện tại hoàn thành.)

• travel • work • not/find • have • not/decide • spend

1. Mark is very tired because he _____ lots of time revising the sales report.

2. Eric _____ a job yet.

3. Fiona and Tina _____ at this company for nearly a decade.

4. _____ Vicky ever _____ abroad for work?

5. My friend and I _____ whether to start a business together or not.

6. I _____ a lot of meetings with clients this month.

Phương pháp giải:

Thì hiện tại hoàn thành:

Khẳng định: S + have/has + V3/ed + … .

Phủ định: S + have/has + not + V3/ed + … .

Nghi vấn: Have/Has + S + V3/ed + … ?

Lời giải chi tiết:

1. Mark is very tired because he has spent lots of time revising the sales report.

(Mark rất mệt vì anh ấy phải dành nhiều thời gian đọc lại báo cáo bán hàng.)

2. Eric haven’t found a job yet.

(Eric chưa tìm được việc.)

3. Fiona and Tina have worked at this company for nearly a decade.

(Fiona và Tina đã làm việc ở công ty này gần 10 năm rồi.)

4. Has Vicky ever travelled abroad for work?

(Vicky đã bao giờ ra nước ngoài vì công việc chưa?)

5. My friend and I haven’t decided whether to start a business together or not.

(Tôi và bạn mình chưa quyết định được việc liệu có bắt đầu kinh doanh cùng nhau không.)

6. I have had a lot of meetings with clients this month.

(Tôi có rất nhiều cuộc gặp gỡ với khách hàng tháng này.)

Bài 3

3. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first one. Use the word in bold and the Present Perfect.

(Hoàn thành câu thứ hai sao cho giống nghĩa với câu thứ nhất. Dùng các từ in đậm và thì hiện tại hoàn thành.)

1. Vi is still working on the project. (YET)

(Vi vẫn đang làm dự án.)

Vi has not finished working on the project yet.

(Vi chưa làm xong dự án.)

2. This is the first time I've gone on a business trip by plane. (BEFORE)

(Đây là lần đầu tôi được đi công tác bằng máy bay.)

I have _________________________________________________.

3. It's been two years since the last time they met their former boss. (FOR)

(Đã hai năm kể từ lần cuối họ gặp sếp cũ.)

They haven't ______________________________________________.

4. I am 30 now and I have worked as an air traffic controller since I was 22. (FOR)

(Bây giờ tôi 30 và tôi đã làm một người điều khiển không lưu kể từ khi tôi 22.)

I have ________________________________________________________.

5. Elena attended a sales conference in June and December this year. (TWICE)

(Elena đã tham dự một hội thảo bán hàng vào tháng 6 và tháng 12 năm nay.)

Elena has ______________________________________________________.

Phương pháp giải:

Thì hiện tại hoàn thành:

Khẳng định: S + have/has + V3/ed + … .

Phủ định: S + have/has + not + V3/ed + … .

Nghi vấn: Have/Has + S + V3/ed + … ?

Lời giải chi tiết:

2. I have never gone on a business trip by plane.

(Tôi chưa bao giờ đi công tác bằng máy bay.)

3. They haven't met their former boss for two years.

(Họ chưa gặp sếp cũ hai năm rồi.)

4. I have worked as an air traffic controller for 8 years.

(Tôi đã làm một người điều khiển không lưu được 8 năm.)

5. Elena has attened a sales conference twice this year.

(Elena đã tham dự một hội thảo bán hàng hai lần trong năm nay.)

Bài 4

4. Make complete sentences using the prompts and the Present Perfect.

(Hoàn thành các câu sau dùng gợi ý và thì hiện tại hoàn thành.)

1. Julie and Susan / be / colleagues / years.

2. I/ not speak / Paul / since / he / move/ new company.

3. This is/ second time / An /get / pay / rise.

4. I / be / many / interviews / my career.

5. they / arrange / a staff meeting / next week / yet?

6. Jack / change / job / twice / this year.

7. How many customers / we / serve / today?

8. Cindy is happy / because / she / just / receive / job promotion.

Phương pháp giải:

Thì hiện tại hoàn thành:

Khẳng định: S + have/has + V3/ed + … .

Phủ định: S + have/has + not + V3/ed + … .

Nghi vấn: Have/Has + S + V3/ed + … ?

Lời giải chi tiết:

1. Julie and Susan have been colleagues for years.

(Julie và Susan đã là đồng nghiệp trong nhiều năm.)

2. I haven’t spoken to Paul since he moved his new company.

(Tôi chưa nói chuyện với Paul kể từ khi anh ta chuyển đến công ty mới.)

3. This is the second time An has got a pay rise.

(Đây là lần thứ hai An được tăng lương.)

4. I have been in many interviews throughout my career.

(Tôi đã tham gia nhiều cuộc phỏng vấn trong suốt sự nghiệp của mình.)

5. Have they arranged a staff meeting next week yet?

(Họ đã sắp xếp một buổi gặp mặt cho các nhân viên vào tuần sau chưa.)

6. Jack has changed his job twice this year.

(Năm nay Jack đã nhảy việc hai lần rồi.)

7. How many customers have we served today?

(Hôm nay chúng ta phục vụ được bao nhiêu khách hàng rồi?)

8. Cindy is a happy because she has just received a job promotion.

(Cinny rất vui vì cô ấy mới được thăng chức.)

Bài 5

5. Make sentences about yourself using these time words.

(Viết các câu về bản thân bạn dùng các từ chỉ thời gian sau.)

• already • yet • just • ever • before • never • so far • since • for • recently

I have already finished my work project.

(Tôi đã hoàn thành dự án công việc của mình.)

Lời giải chi tiết:

• already: I have already finished my homework.

(Tôi đã hoàn thành bài tập của mình.)

• yet: I haven’t eaten anything yet.

(Tôi chưa ăn gì cả.)

• just: I have just come back home from work.

(Tôi mới từ nơi làm việc trở về nhà.)

• ever: Have you ever eaten noodle without chopsticks?

(Bạn đã bao giờ ăn mì mà không có đũa chưa?)

• before: Have you ever been to Paris before?

(Bạn đã bao giờ đến Pari chưa?)

• never: I have never eaten noodle without chopsticks.

(Tôi chưa bao giờ ăn mì mà không có đũa.)

• so far: I have written 20 essays so far.

(Tôi đã viết được 20 bài luận cho đến giờ rồi.)

• since: I haven’t met Peter since he moved his house to another country.

(Tôi chưa gặp Peter kể từ khi anh ta chuyển nhà qua đất nước khác.)

• for: I have worked as a hairdresser for over a decade.

(Tôi đã làm thợ làm tóc được hơn 10 năm rồi.)

• recently: I’ve recently started going to the gym.

(Gần đây tôi bắt đầu đi đến phòng gym.)

Bài 6

Tense review (Ôn tập về thì)

6. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple, the Past Continuous or the Past Perfect.

(Chia các động từ trong ngoặc ở dạng quá khứ đơn, quá khứ tiếp diễn hoặc quá khứ hoàn thành.)

1. Lucy and Jennifer _____ (go) to London for a conference last week.

2. Oliver _____ (not/meet) James before they started working together.

3. We _____ (discuss) an important work issue when the phone suddenly _____ (ring).

4. Joe _____ (find) a job by the time he graduated from university.

5. The CEO _____ (start) this company ten years ago.

6. _____ (Janie/write) report at 4 p.m. yesterday?

Phương pháp giải:

Lời giải chi tiết:

1. Lucy and Jennifer went to London for a conference last week.

(Lucy và Jennifer đã đến Luân Đôn cho một hội nghị vào tuần trước.)

Giải thích: Trong câu có "last week" dùng thì quá khứ đơn, go => went

2. Oliver hadn’t met James before they started working together.

(Oliver chưa từng gặp James trước khi họ bắt đầu làm việc với nhau.)

Giải thích: Cấu trúc "S1 + had Ved/V3 (quá khứ hoàn thành) BEFORE + S2 + Ved/V2 (quá khứ đơn)"

3. We were discussing an important work issue when the phone suddenly rang.

(Chúng tôi đang thảo luận một vấn đề công việc khi điện thoại đột nhiên rung.)

Giải thích: Để diễn tả hai hành động cùng xảy ra trong quá khứ ta dùng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn cho hành động kéo dài liên tục (discuss) và thì quá khứ đơn cho hành động ngắn chen ngang (ring).

4. Joe had found a job by the time he graduated from university.

(Joe đã tìm được công việc ở thời điểm anh ta tốt nghiệp đại học.)

Giải thích: Cấu trúc "S1 + had Ved/V3 (quá khứ hoàn thành) + BY THE TIME + S2 + Ved/V2 (quá khứ đơn)"

5. The CEO started this company ten years ago.

(CEO đã thành lập công ty này 10 năm trước.)

Giải thích: Trong câu có "ten years ago" dùng thì quá khứ đơn, start => started

6. Was Janie writing report at 4 p.m. yesterday?

(Có phải Janie đang viết báo cáo vào 4 giờ chiều hôm qua không?)

Giải thích: Trong câu có "at 4 p.m. yesterday" dùng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn

Bài 7

7. Choose the verbs in the list to complete the sentences. Put them into the Present Perfect or the Past Simple.

(Chọn các động từ trong danh sách để hoàn thành các câu sau. Chia ở dạng hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc quá khứ đơn.)

• quit • receive • not/return • go • work

1. Sue _____ to the bank to pay some company bills. She'll be back soon.

2. Last month, I _____ my job because I wasn't happy with the low wages.

3. Susan and Thomas _____ from the staff meeting yet. We are waiting for them.

4. Mary and Fred _____ their degrees yesterday after years of hard work.

5. Sam: How long _____ Greg _____ as a sales manager in Madrid headquarters? Ann: It's two years.

Phương pháp giải:

Thì	Quá khứ đơn	Hiện tại hoàn thành
Khẳng định	S + was/were + … . S + V2/ed + … .	S + have/has + V3/ed + … .
Phủ định	S + was/were + not + … . S + did + not + V0 + … .	S + have/has + not + V3/ed + … .
Nghi vấn	Was/Were + S + …? Did + S + V0 + …?	Have/has + S + V3/ed + … .

Lời giải chi tiết:

1. Sue has gone to the bank to pay some company bills. She'll be back soon.

(Sue đã đi đến ngân hàng để chi trả vài hoá đơn của công ty. Cô ấy sẽ về sớm thôi.)

Giải thích: Diễn tả hành động bắt đầu từ quá khứ và đang diễn ra ở hiện tại => thì hiện tại hoàn thành

2. Last month, I quit my job because I wasn't happy with the low wages.

(Tháng trước, tôi đã nghỉ việc vì tôi không vui với tiền công thấp.)

Giải thích: Trong câu có "last month" => thì quá khứ đơn

3. Susan and Thomas haven’t returned from the staff meeting yet. We are waiting for them.

(Susan và Thomas chưa trở về từ buổi họp nhân viên. Chúng tôi đang đợi họ.)

Giải thích: Trong câu có "yet" => thì hiện tại hoàn thành

4. Mary and Fred received their degrees yesterday after years of hard work.

(Mary và Fred đã nhận được bằng tốt nghiệp hôm qua sau nhiều năm học tập chăm chỉ.)

Giải thích: Trong câu có "yesterday" => thì quá khứ đơn

5. Sam: How long have Greg worked as a sales manager in Madrid headquarters? - Ann: It's two years.

(Greg đã làm việc là quản lý bán hàng ở trụ sở Madrid bao lâu rồi? Hai năm.)

Giải thích: Câu hỏi với "how long" thường dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành

Bài 8

8. Choose the correct option.

(Chọn đáp án đúng.)

1. Michael and Tom _____ with a client when their boss entered the room.

A. talked

B. were talking

C. have talked

D. are talking

2. Maya _____ three different part-time jobs so far.

A. has

B. has had

C. was having

D. had

3. Robert and Lucas _____ to the business conference together a few days ago.

A. are going

B. have gone

C. were going

D. went

4. Ben _____ his job a few weeks ago because he wasn't happy with the salary he was earning.

A. has changed

B. had changed

C. changed

D. was changing

5. When John finished his work he _____ off his computer and _____.

A. switched/left

B. switched/was leaving

C. had switched/ left

D. was switching/was leaving

6. Before Mary _____ to this company, she _____ five years of relevant experience.

A. came/has gained

B. came/had gained

C. had come/gained

D. comes/has gained

Lời giải chi tiết:

1. B	2. B	3. D
4. C	5. A	6. B

1. B

Michael and Tom were talking with a client when their boss entered the room.

(Michael và Tom đang nói chuyện với một khách hàng khi sếp họ bước vào căn phòng.)

Giải thích: Để diễn tả hai hành động cùng xảy ra trong quá khứ trong đó một hành động đang xảy ra (talk) dùng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn (S + was/ were V-ing) thì có một hành động khác chen ngang (enter) dùng thì quá khứ đơn (S + Ved/V2).

2. B

Maya has had three different part-time jobs so far.

(Maya đã có ba công việc bán thời gian khác nhau cho đến nay.)

Giải thích: so far là dấu hiệu nhận biết của thì hiện tại hoàn thành (S + have/has Ved/V3) => has had

3. D

Robert and Lucas went to the business conference together a few days ago.

(Robert và Lucas đi dự hội nghị kinh doanh cùng nhau vài ngày trước.)

Giải thích: ago là dấu hiệu nhận biết của thì quá khứ đơn (S + Ved/V2) => go - went

4. C

Ben changed his job a few weeks ago because he wasn't happy with the salary he was earning.

(Ben đã nhảy việc vài tuần trước vì anh ta không vui với mức lương mình được nhận.)

Giải thích: ago là dấu hiệu nhận biết của thì quá khứ đơn (S + Ved/V2) => change - changed

5. A

When John finished his work, he switched off his computer and left.

(Khi John hoàn thành công việc, anh ta tắt máy tính và rời đi.)

Giải thích: Dùng thì quá khứ đơn (S + Ved/V2) để mô tả chuỗi hành động xảy ra liên tiếp nhau → switched - left

6. B

Before Mary came to this company, she had gained five years of relevant experience.

(Trước khi Mary đến công ty này, cô ấy đã có năm năm kinh nghiệm phù hợp với công việc.)

Giải thích: Before + S1 + V1 (quá khứ đơn), S2 + V2(quá khứ hoàn thành) => came – had gained

Bài 9

9. Choose the option (A, B, C or D) to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to the given one.

(Chọn đáp án (A, B, C hoặc D) để chỉ ra câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho.)

1. We last worked overtime five days ago.

A. We have worked overtime for five days.

B. We haven't worked overtime for five days.

C. We didn't work overtime for five days.

D. We hadn't worked overtime for five days.

2. The two companies were in discussion for weeks, and then they reached a deal.

A. The two companies reached a deal after they had been in discussion for weeks.

B. The two companies were in discussion before they have reached a deal.

C. The two companies had reached a deal after they were in discussion for weeks.

D. The two companies have reached a deal after they had been in discussion for weeks.

Lời giải chi tiết:

1. B

2. A

1. B

We last worked overtime five days ago. = We haven't worked overtime for five days.

(Lần cuối chúng tôi làm việc quá giờ là năm ngày trước. Chúng tôi chưa làm việc quá giờ 5 ngày rồi.)

Giải thích: last + quá khứ đơn + khoảng thời gian + ago = hiện tại hoàn thành (phủ định) + for + khoảng thời gian.

2. A

The two companies were in discussion for weeks, and then they reached a deal.

(Hai công ty thảo luận trong nhiều tuần, và sau đó họ đạt được thoả thuận.)

= The two companies reached a deal after they had been in discussion for weeks.

(Hai công ty đạt được thoả thuận sau khi họ thảo luận trong nhiều tuần.)

Giải thích: “were in discussion” là hành động xảy ra trước, “reach a deal” là hành động xảy ra sau.

Cấu trúc với after: Quá khứ đơn (hành động xảy ra sau), after + quá khứ hoàn thành (hành động xảy ra trước)

Bài 10

10. Complete the sentences so that they are true for you. Tell your partner.

(Hoàn thành các câu sau mà nó đúng với bạn. Nói với bạn cùng bàn của bạn.)

1. Last weekend, ______________________________.

2. At 7 p.m. last Friday, _________________________.

3. When I was a child, _________________________.

4. So far, ____________________________________.

5. After ______________________________________.

6. Before _____________________________________.

Lời giải chi tiết:

1. Last weekend, I had a picnic with my friends near a river.

(Cuối tuần trước tôi đi cắm trại với bạn ở gần một con sông.)

2. At 7 p.m. last Friday, I was doing my homework.

(Vào 7 giờ tối thứ 6 tuần trước, tôi đang làm bài tập về nhà.)

3. When I was a child, I played badminton with my best friend every Sunday.

(Khi tôi còn bé, tôi chơi cầu lông với bạn thân vào mỗi chiều chủ nhật.)

4. So far I have been promoted twice.

(Tôi đã được thăng chức hai lần cho đến giờ rồi.)

5. After I had given my friend the money, she left without saying a word.

(Sau khi tôi đưa tiền cho bạn tôi, cô ta rời đi mà không nói một lời nào.)

6. Before I was promoted, my boss had given me such a difficult project and asked me to finish it before June.

(Trước khi tôi được thăng chức, sếp tôi đã giao cho tôi một dự án rất khó và yêu cầu tôi hoàn thành nó trước tháng 6.)