Tiếng Anh 12 Bright Unit 5 5b. Grammar

Bài 1

1. Choose the correct option. (Chọn đáp án đúng)

1. Can you explain _____ me what urbanisation is?

A. with B. for C. to D. at

2. The town officials are arguing _____ the deadline of a major construction project.

A. about B. with C. at D. on

3. The village committee agreed _____ a plan to fight unemployment in the coming year.

A. of B. for C. on D. in

4. Jo participated _____ a car-sharing programme to help reduce traffic congestion in her area.

A. with B. about C. for D. in

5. I am working for a factory that specialises _____ sanitation equipment.

A. at B. on C. in D form

6. Eric applied _____ a job in that industrial area.

A. to B. at C. for D. about

7. The schools in this city promised to provide local children _____ a high-quality education.

A. from B. with C. at D. of

8. Throughout history, millions of migrants have arrived _____ New York in search of a better life.

A. in B. at C. on D. for

Phương pháp giải:

Many verbs in English require a certain preposition before their objects.

(Có nhiều động từ trong tiếng Anh cần một giới từ nhất định trước tân ngữ.)

• agree, provide, deal, cope, argue, etc.	with	object
• wait, apologise, prepare, apply, pay, etc.	for
• protect, suffer, prevent, escape, graduate, etc.	from
• believe, succeed, participate, involve, arrive (a large area), specialise, result, etc.	in
• approve, dream, think, smell, beware, consist, etc.	of
• agree, depend, concentrate, rely, focus, base, insist, etc.	on
• refer, belong, relate, add, explain, contribute, object, etc.	to
• complain, think, talk, argue, worry, care, etc.	about
• laugh, arrive (at small place), look, smile, point, etc.	at

Some urban communities are suffering from a lack of public services.

(Một vài cộng đồng đô thị đang phải chịu đựng việc thiếu các dịch vụ công cộng.)

Lời giải chi tiết:

1. Can you explain to me what urbanisation is?

(Cậu có thể giải thích cho tôi sự đô thị hoá là gì không?)

Giải thích: explain to: giải thích

2. The town officials are arguing about the deadline of a major construction project.

Giải thích: argue about: tranh cãi về điều gì

3. The village committee agreed on a plan to fight unemployment in the coming year.

Giải thích: agree on: đồng ý về điều gì

4. Jo participated in a car-sharing programme to help reduce traffic congestion in her area.

Giải thích: participate in: tham gia vào điều gì

5. I am working for a factory that specialises in sanitation equipment.

Giải thích: specialise in: có chuyên môn là gì

6. Eric applied for a job in that industrial area.

Giải thích: applied for a job: nộp đơn xin việc

7. The schools in this city promised to provide local children with a high-quality education.

Giải thích: provide sb with sth: cung cấp cho ai cái gì

8. Throughout history, millions of migrants have arrived in New York in search of a better life.

Giải thích: arrive in: đến một nơi lớn

Bài 2

2. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs from the list and the correct prepositions.

(Hoàn thành các câu sau với dạng đúng của các động từ trong danh sách với giới từ đúng.)

• deal • cope • succeed • dream • pay

1. Rural migrants often find it difficult to _____ a new living environment in a city.

2. Amanda was so happy because she _____ locating a spacious flat to rent last Sunday.

3. Young people often _____ moving to megacities to pursue better careers.

4. Governments use tax money to _____ services such as education, healthcare and public transport.

5. The city government plans to _____ the problem of overcrowding In the city centre.

Lời giải chi tiết:

1. Rural migrants often find it difficult to cope with a new living environment in a city.

(Những người di cư đến thành phố cảm thấy khó khăn khi phải đối mặt với một môi trường sống mới ở thành phố.)

Giải thích: cope with: đối mặt với

2. Amanda was so happy because she succeeded in locating a spacious flat to rent last Sunday.

(Amanda rất hạnh phúc vì cô ấy đã thành công trong việc định vị được một căn hộ rộng rãi hôm Chủ nhật tuần trước.)

Giải thích: succeed in doing sth: thành công trong điều gì

3. Young people often dream of moving to megacities to pursue better careers.

(Những người thường mơ mộng về việc di chuyển lên các siêu đô thị để theo đuổi sự nghiệp tốt hơn.)

Giải thích: dream of doing sth: mơ mộng về điều gì

4. Governments use tax money to pay for services such as education, healthcare and public transport.

(Chính chủ dùng tuyền thuế để chi trả các dịch vụ như là giáo dục, chăm sóc sức khoẻ và phương tiện công cộng.)

Giải thích: pay for: chi trả cho điều gì

5. The city government plans to deal with the problem of overcrowding in the city centre.

(Chính quyền thành phố lên kế hoạch giải quyết vấn đề quá đông đúc ở trung tâm thành phố.)

Giải thích: deal with: giải quyết điều gì

Bài 3

3. Match the halves and add the correct prepositions to make complete sentences.

(Nối hai nửa câu và thêm giới từ đúng và tạo thành các câu hoàn chỉnh.)

1. ___ Members of the city council are arguing

2. ___ A lack of job opportunities prevents people

3. ___ Does that home belong

4. ___ Farmers have worked very hard to protect their crops

5. ___ Jane has decided to involve himself

6. ___ The government must focus

A. your family or your neighbours?

B. the effects of rural migration to the city.

C. politics to serve her community.

D. extreme weather in the past two months.

E. staying here in my village.

F. reducing traffic congestion in the city centre.

Lời giải chi tiết:

1-f: Members of the city council are arguing about reducing traffic congestion in the city centre.

(Các thành viên của hội đồng thành phố đang tranh cãi về việc giảm sự tắc nghẽn giao thông trong thành phố.)

Giải thích: argue about: tranh cãi về điều gì

2-e: A lack of job opportunities prevents people from staying here in my village.

(Việc thiếu cơ hội việc làm ngăn cản mọi người ở lại làng.)

Giải thích: prevent somebody from doing sth: ngăn cản ai làm gì.

3-a: Does that home belong to your family or your neighbours?

(Ngôi nhà đó thuộc về gia đình bạn hay là hàng xóm?)

Giải thích: belong to: thuộc về

4-d: Farmers have worked very hard to protect their crops from extreme weather in the past two months.

(Các nông dân đã rất vất vả để bảo vệ nông sản của họ khỏi thời tiết cực đoan trong hai tháng qua.)

Giải thích: protect sb/sth from sth

5-c: Jane has decided to involve herself in politics to serve her community.

(Jane quyết định năng nổ tham gia vào chính trị để phục vụ xã hội.)

Giải thích: involve oneself in sth: tham gia một cách tích cực vào việc gì.

6-b: The government must focus on the effects of rural migration to the city.

(Chính phủ phải tập trung vào tác động của việc di dân lên thành phố đến thành phố.)

Giải thích: focus on: tập trung vào việc gì

Bài 4

4. Make sentences using these verbs and your own ideas.

• prepare • suffer • graduate • deal • dream • depend • wait • arrive

We did a lot of research to prepare for the presentation about urbanisation yesterday.

(Chúng tôi nghiên cứu rất nhiều để chuẩn bị cho bài thuyết trình về đô thị hoá ngày hôm qua.)

Lời giải chi tiết:

It took us five years to prepare for the exhibition about space travel.

(Việc chuẩn bị cho triển lãm về du hành vũ trụ của chúng tôi đã mất hết 5 năm.)

The increase of traffic in cities has resulted in more people suffering from breathing problems.

(Lượng xe cộ tăng lên trong thành phố đã khiến cho nhiều người phải chịu đựng các vấn đề về hô hấp.)

The college where they graduated from is being pulled down.

(Ngôi trường đại học mà họ đã tốt nghiệp từ đó đang bị phá huỷ.)

Paul, whose problem this is, should deal with it himself.

(Vấn đề của Paul anh ta nên tự mình giải quyết.)

The dancer had always dreamed of becoming successful.

(Người vũ công đã luôn mơ ước được trở nên thành công.)

Babies depend on their mother for everything.

(Những đứa trẻ sơ sinh phải dựa dẫm tất cả mọi thứ vào mẹ mình.)

He had been waiting for an answer for weeks when he was asked to attend an interview with the Personnel Manager.

(Anh ta đã đợi câu trả lời trong hàng quần khi anh ta được yêu cầu tham dự một buổi phỏng vấn với quản lý nhân sự.)

When the star arrives at the hotel, she will be greeted by crowds of fans.

(Khi mà ngôi sao đến khách sạn, cô ta sẽ được chào đón bởi những đám đông người hâm mộ.)

Bài 5

5. Rewrite the sentences using active causatives. Write in your notebook.

(Viết lại các câu sau dùng thể sai khiến chủ động. Viết vào vở.)

1. The mayor hired workers to construct a new high-rise building.

The mayor had workers construct/got worker to construct a new high-rise building.

2. The residents asked the plumber to clean the water pipes in their building.

3. The government asked the city planner to create a new infrastructure plan.

4. Emma wanted Stephen to mention the lack of recreational activities in his letter to city officials.

Phương pháp giải:

We use causatives to mention that someone causes another person to do something.

(Chúng ta dùng thể sai khiến để nhắc đến việc ai đó sai khiến người khác làm việc gì.)

• We use active causatives when we want to focus on the person who does the action.

(Chúng ta dùng thể sai khiến chủ động khi chúng ta muốn tập trung vào người thực hiện hành động.)

have + object (person) (người) + infinitive without to

get + object (person) (người) + to-infinitive

(have + tân ngữ + V0/ get + tân ngữ + to V)

The city council had the electricians replace the old traffic lights.

The city council got the electricians to replace the old traffic lights.

(Hội động thành phố thuê các thợ điện thay thế các cột đèn giao thông cũ.)

(The city council didn't replace the old traffic lights; the electricians did it for them.)

(Hội đồng thành phố không thay thế các cột đèn cũ, mà các thợ điện làm chuyện đó cho họ.)

Lời giải chi tiết:

1. The mayor had workers construct a new high-rise building.

The mayor got worker to construct a new high-rise building.

(Thị trưởng thành phố thuê các công nhân thi công một toà cao ốc mới.)

2. The residents had the plumber clean the water pipes in their building.

The residents got the plumber to clean the water pipes in their building.

(Các cư dân thuê một thợ sửa ống nước để dọn dẹp đường ống trong toà nhà của họ.)

3. The government had the city planner create a new infrastructure plan.

The government got the city planner to create a new infrastructure plan.

(Chính phủ đã nhờ một người quy hoạch thành phố tạo ra một kế hoạch cơ sở hạ tầng mới.)

4. Emma had Stephen mention the lack of recreational activities in his letter to city officials.

Emma got Stephen to mention the lack of recreational activities in his letter to city officials.

(Emma nhờ Stephen nhắc đến việc thiếu các hoạt động giải trí trong bức thư của anh ấy gửi đến các quan chức thành phố.)

Bài 6

6. Rewrite the sentences using passive causatives. Write In your notebook.

1. The city clerk asked the mechanic to repair the city bus.

The city clerk had/got the city bus repaired.

2. The city government hired experts to check pollution levels in industrial areas.

3. The mayor paid a construction company to build the new recreational centre last year.

4. The park manager will ask workers to replace the old benches because they are worn down.

Phương pháp giải:

• We use passive causatives when we don't want to focus on the person who does the action.

(Chúng ta dùng thể sai khiến bị động khi chúng ta không muốn tập trung vào người thực hiện hành động.)

have/get + object (thing) + past participle (+ by + object)

(have/get + tân ngữ (đồ vật) + V3/ed+ (bởi + tân ngữ (người)))

The city council had/got the old traffic lights replaced (by the electricians).

(Hội đồng thành phố đã có những cột đèn cũ được thay thế (bởi các thợ điện).

Lời giải chi tiết:

1. The city clerk had/got the city bus repaired.

(Nhân viên thành phố đã có xe buýt thành phố được sửa chữa.)

2. The city government had the pollution levels in industrial areas checked.

(Chính quyền thành phố đã có mức độ ô nhiễm ở các vùng công nghiệm được kiểm tra.)

3. The mayor got the new recreational centre built last year.

(Thị trưởng đã có một trung tâm giải trí mới được xây vào năm ngoái.)

4. The park manager will have the old benches replaced because they are worn down.

(Quản lí công viên sẽ có những ghế đã cũ được thay thế vì chúng đã bị mòn.)

Bài 7

7. Choose the correct option.

(Chọn đáp án đúng.)

1. Sarah got the electricity company _____ the damaged street light near her house.

A. to fix B. fix C. fixing D. fixed

2. The city officials had the city planner _____ a new bus route.

A. design B. to design C. designing D. designed

3. I wonder when the government will get a new metro system _____ to reduce traffic congestion in this area.

A. builds B. built C. building D. to build

4. The manager of the high-rise building _____ last month.

A. had sanitation facilities improve

B. got sanitation facilities to improve

C. had improved sanitation facilities

D. had sanitation facilities improved

Lời giải chi tiết:

1. Sarah got the electricity company to fix the damaged street light near her house.

(Sarah đã thuê một công ty điện lực sửa chiếc đèn đường bị hỏng gần nhà cô ấy.)

Giải thích: hành động sửa đèn đường được thực hiện bởi công ty điện lực → dùng thể sai khiến chủ động → Cấu trúc: got someone to do sth → to fix

2. The city officials had the city planner design a new bus route.

(Chính quyền thành phố đã thuê người thiết kế một lộ trình xe buýt mới.)

Giải thích: hành động thiết kế lộ trình xe buýt mới được thực hiện bởi người quy hoạch thành phố → dùng thể sai khiến chủ động → Cấu trúc: had sb do sth → design

3. I wonder when the government will get a new metro system built to reduce traffic congestion in this area.

(Tôi băn khoăn khi nào chính phủ sẽ có một hệ thống tàu điện mới được xây dựng để giảm tắc nghẽn giao thông trong khu vực này.)

Giải thích: hành động xây tàu điện ngầm không nhắc đến người thực hiện → dùng thể sai khiến bị động. Cấu trúc: have/got sth done → built

4. The manager of the high-rise building had sanitation facilities improved last month.

(Quản lý quả toà cao ốc đã có cơ sở vật chất vệ sinh được cải thiện vào tháng trước.)

Giải thích: cải thiện cơ sở vật chất vệ sinh không nhắc đến người thực hiện → dùng thể sai khiến bị động. Cấu trúc: have/got sth done → had sanitation facilities improved

Bài 8

8. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first one.

(Hoàn thành câu thứ hai có nghĩa giống với câu thứ nhất.)

1. The farmer paid for a local builder to construct a greenhouse to protect his crops.

The farmer had a local builder _________________________ his crops.

2. Jake has a busy job in the city, so he hires someone to clean his flat once a week.

Jake has a busy job in the city, so he gets his flat _________________________.

3. Local people hired some gardeners to plant more trees in the park to improve air quality.

Local people had more trees _________________________ air quality.

Lời giải chi tiết:

1. The farmer had a local builder construct a green house to protect his crops.

(Người nông dân nhờ một người thợ xây ở địa phương xây một nhà kính để bảo vệ nông sản của anh ta.)

Giải thích: xây một nhà kính được thực hiện bởi một thợ xây → dùng thể sai khiến chủ động → Cấu trúc: got someone to do sth

2. Jake has a busy job in the city, so he gets his flat clean once a weak.

(Jake có một công việc bận rộn ở thành phố, nên anh có căn hộ của anh ấy được dọn dẹp một tuần một lần.)

Giải thích: việc căn hộ được dọn dẹp không nhắc đến người thực hiện → dùng thể sai khiến bị động. Cấu trúc: have/got sth done

3. Local people had more trees planted in the park to improve air quality.

(Những người dân địa phương có nhiều cây hơn được trồng trong công viên để cải thiện chất lượng không khí.)

Giải thích: việc trồng cây trong công viên không nhắc đến người thực hiện → dùng thể sai khiến bị động. Cấu trúc: have/got sth done

Bài 9

9. A park manager hired workers to renovate the local park last month. Match the items in column A to the verbs in column B and make sentence using causatives.

(Một quản lí công viên thuê công nhân cải tạo lại công viên địa phương tháng trước. Nối các đồ vật ở cột A với các động từ ở cột B và viết thành các câu dùng thể sai khiến.)

To do list: Local park

A: • park • grass • flowers • rubbish • fences • pavements

B: • clean • cut • clear • plant • sweep • paint

The park manager had workers clean/got workers to clean the park. The park manager had/got the park cleaned.

(Quản lí công viên thuê công nhân dọn dẹp công viên.)

Lời giải chi tiết:

The park manager had workers cut/got workers to cut the grass. The park manager had/got the grass cut.

(Quản lí công viên thuê công nhân cắt cỏ.)

The park manager had workers plant/got workers to plant flowers. The park manager had/got flowers planted.

(Quản lí công viên thuê công nhân trồng hoa.)

The park manager had workers clear/got workers to clear rubbish. The park manager had/got rubbish cleared.

(Quản lí công viên thuê công nhân dọn rác.)

The park manager had workers paint/got workers to paint fences. The park manager had/got fences painted.

(Quản lí công viên thuê công nhân sơn hàng rào.)

The park manager had workers sweep/got workers to sweep pavements. The park manager had/got pavements swept.

(Quản lí công viên thuê công nhân quét các vỉa hè.)